Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Personal Statement Example Plato expected that the ruling class should use its knowledge to make the society better. My consciousness of these basic aspects of education has inspired and directed how I percieve and use my talents and qualities, for personal development and to have a positive impact on my immediate society. At the college level is when I became conscious of the role played by education in my personal and professional developed. I developed a wide readership in philosophy of education with the aim of answering the question of why I was pursuing education apart from the fact that it promised me a comfortable future. As a result of exposure on various theories within philosophy of education, I realized that I could use my interests and abilities as guidance in pursuing education. I have always been conscious of trade offs and opportunity cost whenever I am faced with a situation that requires choice between multiple alternatives. For instance, faced with the dilemma to choose athletics or chess as an extracurricualr I opted for atheltics. I did not just choose atheltics haphazardly, but I realized that school was already too demanding and I needed physcial fitness for my personal health. Athletics could give me the relief from the stresses and pressure of academic work, I could meet perso ns with different interests and I would also boost my health. I have since been a dedicated member of the sprint team. Athletics is very demandind and requires discpline and team work spirit. I have been able to nurture these qualities and am certain that I have made significant progress. I also decided to join the Economics club because it creates the forum for students to disucss not only to expound on issues disucssed in class but also to invite professionals in the Economic field for motivation and advice. The Economics club has allowed me to discover the connection between theory and practice. Through the forums, I have benefitted in undertsanding the economics dynamics at

The Nice Guy Essay Example for Free

The Nice Guy Essay Maybe he’ll say he’s ? nally ready to pass me the baton. out a way to ? nalize the data. Who was helping you out, Lynne or Aaron? †¦ Neither? Ugh. All right, all right. Call me when you’re on your way in to the of? ce, OK? See ya. † [Hangs up. ] Damn. This totally messes up my morning. Now I’ll have to try to hack my way through the spreadsheet before the meeting. I can’t imagine what it’s like taking care of a parent with a terminal illness. How awful. But Lisa’s really slipping. She was such a go-getter and a great operations manager, but her focus has been shot since her mother got sick. Instead, he was starting a â€Å"new media† company. The notion of leaving a great job at TRH and joining his team was the furthest thing from my mind, yet the crazy guy pitched me so hard I couldn’t resist. And he was right. He knew that companies would need a strategic partner that could provide creative ideas in all media – print, radio, TV, and â€Å"that information superhighway I keep hearing about. †Daner was going to be that partner. We’ve had our ups and downs, but it’s been an incredible ride. Up from ? ve people to over a hundred, a client list that boasts some of the biggest companies in the world. And the best part is, it’s just the beginning. Larry is still a tiger, but he’s getting a bit tired and wants to golf. I can’t blame him for that. It’s de? nitely time for him to retire. Lately I could swear he’s been doing the nudge-nudge, winkwink in my direction. George thinks he’s in the running too, but I think he’ll be cool with reporting to me. Wonder: Once I’m CEO, should I put George in charge of our European expansion? A footprint in Europe will make us even more indispensable to our clients. It will make us a global leader, not just a domestic shop. George has done well under Larry for the past two years. He was pretty psyched about his promotion to VP of business development. He’s great on the technical end of things, but he still needs more polish and experience with customers. He is feisty, though–always willing to take on anything. And he’ll challenge Larry at the drop of a hat. I’m surprised Larry puts up with it and doesn’t chop him off at the knees. Still, when it comes to people, Larry can really be so hard-nosed. His take- no-prisoners attitude is understandable when bidding on business but not when it comes to people. Like when Larry said Lisa’s become a liability lately; he even hinted about replacing her. Ugh. Lay off Lisa? I can barely think the words, let alone say them to her. She’s always been my right arm. She usually knows what I’m thinking even before I do. Sure, Jim or Andrea could eventually handle the role of operations manager, but there’s a steep learning curve. Note to self: Have another heart-to-heart with Lisa to discuss the possibility of reducing her workload for a while–or maybe see how she’d feel about taking a leave of absence that would let her focus on her mom. I really want the old Lisa back. 7:38 AM Passing Edgewater Park on the Shoreway This traf? c is ridiculous. If I leave by 6:00, I’m golden. But if I wait until after 6:30 to wake Sheila and the kids on my way out, I’m hosed. At least today I get to see an amazing sunrise. Bonus. Man, I could jog faster than this. I remember all those brainstorming jogs with Larry along the lake. It was great to compare notes and talk about the future. For an old guy, he did pretty well – up until his heart attack three years ago. I almost lost it last week when he said that he was going to start jogging again – and he’s aiming to run the Boston Marathon in April. Please, Larry, stick with golf and sailing! It’ll be fun to blow him away with the strategy and the numbers. It’s been a ton of work preparing for this, but now we’re ready. We can mobilize quickly once he gives us the green light. I’m a little surprised that he’s stayed away from our recent planning sessions. I thought he’d want to provide some feedback and direction. Perhaps it’s his way of pulling back and empowering me before handing me the reins. So, the million-dollar question is: What will he say? I think I know the answer. He’ll love the bottom line–that he can golf and sail as much as he wants. He’ll like his new chairman-only role so that he can step away from the dayharvard business review Between you and me, I’m not totally ruling out compromise, but you need to push back. Remind them how much business we’ve given them over the years, and remember we’re talking about a big chunk of change here. Besides, they should have caught the mistake. You can do this, Justin. Keep me posted. † I can’t believe this. More problems? Abbe Printing had to redo the whole thing because of their mistake, and now that rep Randy is trying to convince Justin that Daner should split the cost of the reprint with them? Forget it! I can’t stand it when people try to take advantage. I grew up in a print shop, for cryin’ out loud. Gimme a break! Justin does have a point, though. The murky print specs Lisa prepared on that job created a bit of a gray area in terms of culpability, but still – we give Abbe dozens of jobs a year. Over $2 million in revenues, I’ll bet! We could be hardnosed on this. Sticking us with a bill like this just doesn’t feel right. Still†¦maybe there’s room for compromise. I know that Randy is a good guy, and besides, they’ve gone above and beyond the call of duty for us many times. I really don’t want to torch that vendor relationship. a little after the kids go to school.

Global Privacy… Are You Being Watched?? Essay examples -- Surveillance

Global Privacy†¦ Are You Being Watched?? Introduction Privacy has grown to become an intensely complex and important human rights topic in the information age. The right to privacy underlines human dignity. One of the first privacy laws can be traced back hundreds of years, to 1361, when England enacted the Justice of the Peace Act, which allowed the arrest of eavesdroppers and peeping toms.1 About every country in the world explicitly recognizes a right of privacy in their constitution, allowing people to have a right to home communication secrecy and inviolability at the very least. Although the right to privacy is not explicitly documented in the United States’, Ireland’s or India’s Constitution, it is recognized in numerous provisions form their respective courts. The US airliner's "risk analysis" system A globally controversial topic concerns the tradeoff between privacy and security. At what point does enacting probing directives to strengthen our nation’s security impinge upon our own personal privacy? After the destruction of the twin towers on September 11th, the federal government and airliners have decided to implement a new computer system in order to gauge the level of terrorist risk posed by every single passenger on every flight in the United States. The new computer program, dubbed the â€Å"Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System II† (CAPPS II) shall assign passengers a color code based on their destination, city of departure, traveling partners and date of ticket purchase. Travelers who are coded â€Å"green† will pass through, â€Å"yellow† travelers will have to go through further screening, and red ones will be prohibited from boarding. Eight... ...screening.ap/ 8. Privacy as an Aspect of Human Dignity, [1964] 39 New York U. L.R. 9. Sara Kehaulani Goo. Fliers to Be Rated for Risk Level. September 9, 2003 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A45434-2003Sep8?language=printer 10. Mark Glasser. China’s Internet Revolution. November 11, 2003 http://www.ojr.org/ojr/world_reports/1068766903.php 11. Privacy Watch – China and the US. December 2003 http://www.cotse.net/privacy/us_china.htm 12. Caslon Analytics. Caslon Analytics Privacy Guide. October 1, 2003 http://www.caslon.com.au/privacyguide6.htm 13. Stuart Millar. Europe votes to end data privacy. May 31, 2002 http://www.guardian.co.uk/internetnews/story/0,7369,725204,00.html 14. Detroit Free Press. Europe’s privacy laws cause rift with US. October 30, 1998 http://www.freep.com/tech/qdata30.htm

Examples Essay Essay

The internet is a wondrous creation and the world is progressing rapidly ever since things have become available with just a click. It has an impact on our daily lives every day in more ways than one. With the use of internet, life has become easier and smoother and almost all required information are at our fingertips. Before the internet, communication was done in 3 ways; face to face, written correspondence and through phone. Before mobiles there were landline telephones, and before that were telegrams and even before we had the ever so reliable system of the mailing letters via horse. Sending letters has to be one of the oldest ways of long distance communication in our society. Letters have been sent as far back as biblical times. Yet now we have a countless other ways to communicate: email, text, instant message, Facebook comment/reply/message, video chat, Face time, the list goes on and on. In fact, communication tools such as Face time are practically replacing face to face conversations completely. Not that any technology will ever replace the experience of sitting face to face with someone and having a normal conversation, but it’s not like technology hasn’t taken any other aspects of communication and transformed it. But then again none of this wouldn’t be possible without the internet and the way it can allow us to communicate with other individuals from the farthest corners of the planet. We need the internet more than anything in today’s society and if somehow the internet were to just disappear out of thin air, the lives of millions of people would forever be different in all the wrong ways. The internet is the way of the future for communication, and the future starts now.

Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 8

Gillian stood perfectly still and watched David disappear around a corner. (It's not time for the plan yet, kid. Now buck up. A cheery face is worth diamonds.) Gillian tried to put on a cheery face. The strange day continued. In each class, Gillian appealed to the teacher for a new book. In each class, she was bombarded with offers of notes and other help. And through it all Angel whispered in her ear, always suggesting just the right thing to say to each person. He was witty, irreverent, occasionally cutting-and so was Gillian. She had an advantage, she realized. Since nobody had ever noticed her before, it was almost like being a new girl. She could be anything she wanted to be, present herself as anyone, and be believed. (Like Cinderella at the ball. The mystery princess.) Angel's voice was amused but tender. In journalism class, Gillian found herself beside Daryl Novak, a languid girl with sloe eyes and drooping contemptuous lashes. Daryl the Rich Girl, Daryl the World-weary World Traveler. She talked to Gillian as if Gillian knew all about Paris and Rome and California. At lunch, Gillian hesitated as she walked into the cafeteria. Usually she sat with Amy in an obscure corner at the back. But recently Eugene had been sitting with Amy, and up front she could see a group that included Amanda the Cheerleader, Kim the Gymnast, and others from The Clique. David and Tanya were at the edge. (Do I sit with them? Nobody asked me.) (Not with them, my little rutabaga. But near them. Sit at the end of that table just beside them. Don't look at them as you walk by. Look at your lunch. Start eating it.) Gillian had never eaten her lunch alone before-or at least not in a public place. On days Amy was absent, if she couldn't find one of the few other juniors she felt comfortable with, she snuck into the library and ate there. In the old days she would have felt horribly exposed, but now she wasn't really alone; she had Angel cracking jokes in her ear. And she had a new confidence. She could almost see herself eating, calm and indifferent to stares, thoughtful to the point of being dreamy. She tried to make her movements a little languid, like Daryl the Rich Girl's. (And I hope Amy doesn't think I'm snubbing her. I mean, it's not as if she's back there alone. She's got Eugene.) (Yeah. We're gonna have to talk about Amy sometime, kid. But right now you're being paged. Smile and be gracious.) â€Å"Jill! Earth to Jill!† â€Å"Hey, Jill, c'mon over.† They wanted her. She was moving her lunch over to their table, and she wasn't spilling anything and she wasn't falling as she slid in. She was little and graceful, thistledown light in her movements, and they were surging around her to form a warm and friendly bulwark. And she wasn't afraid of them. That was the most wonderful thing of all. These kids who'd seemed to her like stars in some TV show about teenagers, were real people who got crumbs on themselves and made jokes she could understand. Gillian had always wondered what they found so funny when they were laughing together. But now she knew it was just the heady atmosphere, the knowledge that they were special. It made it easy to laugh at everything. She knew David, sitting quietly there with Tanya, could see her laughing. She could hear other voices occasionally, from people on the fringes of her group, people on the outside looking in. Mostly bright chatter and murmurs of admiration. She thought she heard her name mentioned. †¦ And then she focused on the words. â€Å"I heard her mom's a drunk.† They sounded horribly loud and dear to Gillian, standing out against the background noise. She could feel her whole skin tingling with shock and she lost track of the story Kim the Gymnast was telling. (Angel-who said that? Was it about me-my mom?) She didn't dare look behind her. â€Å"-started drinking a few years ago and having these hallucinations-â€Å" This time the voice was so loud that it cut through the banter of Gillian's group. Kim stopped in mid-sentence. Bruce the Athlete's smile faltered. An awkward silence fell. Gillian felt a wave of anger that made her dizzy. (Who said that? I'll kill them-) (Calm down! Calm down. That's not the way to handle it at all.) (But-) (I said, calm down. Look at your lunch. No, at your lunch. Now say-and make your voice absolutely cool-â€Å"I really hate rumors, don't you? I don't know what kind of people start them.†) Gillian breathed twice and obeyed, although her voice wasn't absolutely cool. It had a little tremor. â€Å"I don't know either,† a new voice said. Gillian glanced up to see that David was on his feet, his face hard as he surveyed the table behind her as if looking for the person who'd spoken. â€Å"But I think they're pretty sick and they should get a life.† There was the cold glint in his eyes that had given him his reputation as a tough guy. Gillian felt as if a hand had steadied her. Gratitude rushed through her-and a longing that made her bite down on her lip. â€Å"I hate rumors, too,† J.Z. Oberlin said in her absent voice. J. Z. the Model was the one who looked like a Calvin Klein ad, breathlessly sexy and rather blank, but right now she seemed oddly focused. â€Å"Somebody was putting around the rumor last year that I tried to kill myself. I never did find out who started it.† Her hazy blue-green eyes were narrowed. And then everyone was talking about rumors, and people who spread rumors, and what scum they were. The group was rallying around Gillian. But it was David who stood up for me first, she thought. She had just looked over at him, trying to catch his eye, when she heard the tinkling noise. It was almost musical, but the kind of sound that draws attention immediately in a cafeteria. Somebody had broken a glass. Gillian, along with everyone else, glanced around to see who'd done it. She couldn't see anybody. No one had the right expression of dismay, no one was focused on anything definite. Everybody was looking around in search mode. Then she heard it again, and two people standing near the cafeteria doors looked down and then up. Above the doors, far above, was a semi-circular window in the red brick. As Gillian stared at the window she realized that light was reflecting off it oddly, almost prismatically. There seemed to be crazy rainbows in the glass†¦ And something was sparkling down, falling like a few specks of snow. It hit the ground and tinkled, and the people by the door stared at it on the cafeteria floor. They looked puzzled. Realization flashed on Gillian. She was on her feet, but the only words that she could find were, â€Å"Oh, my God!† â€Å"Get out! It's all going to go! Get out of there!† It was David, waving at the people under the window. He was running toward them, which was stupid, Gillian thought numbly, her heart seeming to stop. Other people were shouting. Cory and Amanda and Bruce-and Tanya. Kim the Gymnast was shrieking. And then the window was going, chunks of it falling almost poetically, raining and crumbling, shining and crashing. It fell and fell and fell. Gillian felt as if she were watching an avalanche in slow motion. At last it was over, and the window was just an arch-shaped hole with jagged teeth clinging to the edges. Glass had flown and bounced and skittered all over the cafeteria, where it lay like hailstones. And people from tables amazingly distant were examining cuts from ricocheting bits. But nobody had been directly underneath, and nobody seemed seriously hurt. (Thanks to David.) Gillian was still numb, but now with relief. (He got them all out of the way in time. Oh, God, he isn't hurt, is he?) (He's fine. And what makes you think he did it all alone? Maybe I had some part. I can do that, you know-put it into people's heads to do things. And they never even know I'm doing it.) Angel's voice sounded almost-well-piqued. (Huh? You did that? Well, that was really nice of you.) Gillian was watching David across the room, watching Tanya examine his arm, nod, shrug, look around. He's not hurt. Thank heaven. Gillian felt so relieved it was almost painful. It was then that it occurred to her to wonder what had happened. That window-before the glass fell it had looked just like the mirror in her bathroom. Evenly shattered from side to side, spidery cracks over every inch of the surface. The bathroom mirror had cracked while Tanya was being catty about Gillian's room. Now Gillian remembered the last thing she'd wanted to ask Angel last night. It had been about how the mirror came to do that. This window †¦ it had started falling a few minutes after someone insulted Gillian's mother. Nobody had heard it actually break, but it couldn't have happened too long ago. The small hairs on the back of Gillian's neck stirred and she felt a fluttering inside. It couldn't be. Angel hadn't even appeared to her yet†¦ But he'd said he was always with her†¦ An angel wouldn't destroy things†¦ But Angel was a different kind of angel. (Ah, excuse me. Hello? Do you want to share some thoughts with me?) (Angel!) For the first time since his soft voice had sounded in her ear, Gillian felt a sense ofover- crowdedness. Of her own lack of privacy. The uneasy fluttering inside her increased. (Angel, I was just-just wondering†¦) And then the silent words burst out. (Angel, you wouldn't-would you? You didn't do those things for my sake- â€Å"break the mirror and that window-?) A pause. And then, in her head, riotous laughter. Genuine laughter. Angel was whooping. Finally, the sounds died to mental hiccups. (Me?) Gillian was embarrassed. (I shouldn't have asked. It was just so weird†¦) (Yeah, wasn't it.) This time Angel sounded grimly amused. (Well, never mind; you're already late for class. The bell rang five minutes ago.) Gillian coasted through her last two classes in a daze. So much had happened today-she felt as if she'd led a full life between waking up and now. But the day wasn't over yet. In her last class, studio art, she once again found herself talking to Daryl the Rich Girl. Daryl was the only one of that crowd that took art or journalism. And in the last minutes before school ended, she regarded Gillian from under drooping eyelashes. â€Å"You know, there are other rumors going around about you. That you and Davey-boy have something going behind Tanya's back. That you meet secretly in the mornings and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Daryl shrugged, pushing back frosted hair with a hand dripping with rings. Gillian felt jolted awake. â€Å"So?† â€Å"So you really should do something about it. Rumors spread fast, and they grow. I know. You want to either deny them, or†-Daryl's lips .quirked in a smile-â€Å"disarm them.† (Oh, yeah? And just how do I do that?) (Shut up and listen to her, kid. This is one smart cookie.) â€Å"If there're parts that are true, it's usually best to admit those in public. That takes some of the punch out. And it's always helpful to track down the person starting the rumors-if you can.† (Tell her you know that. And that you're going to see Tanya after school.) (Tanya? You mean-?) (Just tell her.) Somehow Gillian gathered herself enough to repeat Angel's words. Daryl the Rich Girl looked at her with a new expression of respect. â€Å"You're sharper than I thought. Maybe you didn't need my help after all.† â€Å"No,† Gillian said without Angel's prompting. â€Å"I'm always glad for help. It's-it's a rough world.† â€Å"Isn't it, though?† Daryl said and raised already arched eyebrows. (So it was Tanya who spread that stuff about my mom.) Gillian almost stumbled as she trudged out of art class. She was tired and bewildered. Somehow, she'd have thought Tanya was above that. (She had help. It takes a really efficient system to get a rumor to peak circulation that fast. But she was the instigator. Turn left here.) (Where am I going?) (You're gonna catch her coming out of marketing education. She's alone in there right now. The teacher asked to see her after class, then unexpectedly had to run to the bathroom.) Gillian felt distantly amused. She sensed Angel's hand in these arrangements. And when she poked her head inside the marketing ed room, she saw that Tanya was indeed alone. The tall girl was standing by a cloudy green blackboard. â€Å"Tanya, we need to talk.† Tanya's shoulders stiffened. Then she ran a hand across her already perfect dark hair and turned. She looked more like a future executive than ever, with her face set in cool lines and her exotic gray eyes running over Gillian in appraisal. Without Angel, Gillian would have dried up and withered away under that scrutiny. Tanya said one word. â€Å"Talk.† What followed was more like a play than a conversation for Gillian. She repeated what Angel whispered to her, but she never had any idea what was coming. The only way to survive was to give herself up completely to his direction. â€Å"Look, I know you're upset with me, Tanya. But I'd like to deal with this with a little maturity, okay?† She followed Angel's instructions over to a desk and brushed absent fingers over its imitation-wood top. â€Å"I don't think there's any need for us to act like children.† â€Å"And I don't think I know what you're talking about.† â€Å"Oh, really?† Gillian turned and looked Tanya in the face. â€Å"I think you know exactly what I'm talking about.† (Angel, I feel just like one of those people in a soap opera-) â€Å"Well, you're wrong. And, as a matter of fact, I happen to be busy-â€Å" â€Å"I'm talking about the rumors, Tanya. I'm talking about the stories about my mom. And I'm talking about David.† Tanya stood perfectly still. For a moment she seemed surprised that Gillian was taking such a direct approach. Then her gray eyes hardened with the clear light of battle. â€Å"All right, let's talk about David,† she said in a pleasant voice, moving tigerishly toward Gillian, â€Å"I don't know about any rumors, but I'd like to hear what you and David were doing this morning. Care to tell me?† (Angel, she's actually enjoying this. Look at her! And she's bigger than me.) (Trust me, kid.) â€Å"We weren't doing anything,† Gillian said. She had to tip her chin up to look Tanya in the face. Then she looked aside and shook her head. â€Å"All right. I'll be honest about that. I like David, Tanya. I have ever since he moved in. He's good and he's noble and he's honest and he's sweet. But that doesn't mean I want to take him away from you. In fact, it's just the opposite.† She turned and walked away, looking into the distance. â€Å"I think David deserves the best. And I know he really cares about you. And that's what happened this morning-he told me you guys had made a promise to each other. So you see, you've got no reason to be suspicious.† Tanya's eyes were glittering. â€Å"Don't try to pull that. All this †¦Ã¢â‚¬  She waved a hand to indicate Gillian's dress and hair. â€Å"In one day you turn from Little Miss Invisible to this. And you start prancing around the school like you own it. You can't pretend you're not trying to get him.† â€Å"Tanya, the way I dress has nothing at all to do with David.† Gillian told the lie calmly, facing the chalk-misted blackboard again. â€Å"It's just-something I needed to do. I was-tired of being invisible.† She turned her head slightly, not enough to see Tanya. â€Å"But that's beside the point. The real issue here is what's best for David. And I think you're best for him-as long as you treat him fairly.† â€Å"And what is that supposed to mean?† Tanya was losing her legendary cool. She sounded venomous, almost shrill. â€Å"It means no more fooling around with Bruce Faber.† (Oh, my God, Angel! Bruce Faber? Bruce the Athlete? She's been fooling around with Bruce Faber?) Tanya's voice cracked like a whip. â€Å"What are you talking about? What do you know?† â€Å"I'm talking about those nights at the pool parties last summer in Macon's cabana. While David was up north at his grandma's. I'm talking about what happened in Bruce's car after the Halloween dance.† (In a cabana?) There was a silence. When Tanya spoke again, her voice was a sort of icy explosion. â€Å"How did you find out?† Gillian shrugged. â€Å"People who're good at spreading rumors can be a two-edged sword.† â€Å"I thought so. That brat Kim! Her and her mouth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Then Tanya's voice changed. It became a voice with claws and Gillian could tell she was moving closer. â€Å"I suppose you're planning to tell David about this?† â€Å"Huh?† For a moment Gillian was too confused to follow Angel's directions. Then she got hold of herself. â€Å"Oh, of course I'm not going to tell David. That's why I'm telling you. I just want you to promise that you're not going to do anything like that anymore. And I'd appreciate it if you'd stop telling people things about my mom-â€Å" â€Å"I'll do worse than that!† Suddenly Tanya was standing right behind Gillian. Her voice was a yelling hiss. â€Å"You have no idea what I'll do if you try to mess with me, you snotty little midget. You are going to be so sorry-â€Å" â€Å"No, I think you've done plenty already.† The voice came from the door. Gillian heard it, and in that instant she understood everything.

Womens Roles in Religion Essays

Womens Roles in Religion Essays Womens Roles in Religion Essay Womens Roles in Religion Essay Contemporary women are faced with oppressive traditions that restrict their roles in world religions, but notable women are taking steps to promote a more egalitarian future. Nick Maki Historically, women have held prominent and influential roles in several religions, but women have been deprived of these roles as the majority of religions have become increasingly institutionalized. In this analysis, I will review women’s roles in Indigenous Religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam to highlight how androcentric cultures have led to women’s diminished religious influence. I contend that women have been ostracized from religious hierarchies based on ancient cultural beliefs. Therefore, I will show that many misogynistic religious traditions have arisen primarily out of fear of female biology and subsequent attempts to control what was not understood. I believe that our collective human knowledge has advanced far beyond these early superstitions, but many religions still obstinately cling to these primitive traditions because they clearly benefit the ruling male hierarchies. First, I will give brief overview of each religion, and then I will discuss some of the notable women that are challenging these archaic traditions in order to attain equality in these religions. In order to understand the affect that culture has had on several of these â€Å"Great Religions† it is necessary to first examine the roles of women in non-institutionalized religions. These religions are often referred to as â€Å"Indigenous Religions,† however there are many other terms used to describe this vast group of disparate religious beliefs, practices, and oral traditions (Eller). Therefore, â€Å"indigenous religions† is merely â€Å"a catch-all term encompassing all remaining cultures, generally tribal, in which local religious practices and beliefs are still alive, usually in close relationship to the land upon which the people live† (M. P. Fisher 35). In these cultures, â€Å"[r]eligion and everyday life are often so intertwined that the people may have no word for ‘religion’ as a thing apart that occurs only sometimes in temples† (M. P. Fisher 35). Women in these cultures have traditionally held socially powerful roles and â€Å"[m]any Native American groups were apparently matrilineal† (M. P. Fisher 37). Furthermore, women in these cultures have often held considerable political power as well (M. P. Fisher 37). I believe that women in indigenous religions generally have more influence and power since most of these religions do not have religious texts. Instead, these religions are typically passed on orally and these cultures tend to rely on simple subsistence methods of survival. As such, these small tribal cultures must depend heavily on the equal cooperation of every member of its group for survival and I believe this has resulted in more egalitarian traditions. Paula Gunn Allen, a Native womanist believes that: ‘gynocracies’ by which she means ‘woman-centered tribal societies,’ in which matrilocality [the tradition by which the husband lives with the wife’s community], matrifocality [households consisting only of the mother and her children], matrilinearity [kinship traced through the mother’s side], maternal control of household goods and resources, and female deities of the magnitude of the Christian God were and are present and active features of traditional tribal life. . Some distinguishing features of a woman-centered social system include free and easy sexuality and wide latitude in personal style. This latitude means that a diversity of people, including gay males and lesbians, are not denied and are in fact likely to be accorded honor. Also prominent in such systems are nurturing, pacifist, and passive males (as defined by western minds) and self-defining, assertive, decisive women. . . (M. P . Fisher 38). Therefore, based upon many of the traditions of various indigenous religions, there is strong evidence to support the view â€Å"that the more religion is an integral aspect of life, rather than something institutionalized and separate from daily life, the more women are likely to be involved in it† (M. P. Fisher 39). As such, the lack of religious texts in indigenous religions has helped to prevent the androcentric interpretations that are ubiquitous in many of the institutionalized religions. Hinduism is considered an institutionalized religion, yet it â€Å"is not a ‘single’ unified tradition,† but rather a diverse group of beliefs that have primarily evolved from the Vedas (M. P. Fisher 64). While it appears that women were respected in ancient India, this respect has been slowly eroded (M. P. Fisher 67). As Hinduism evolved, male babies were increasingly favored due to the overwhelming burden of the dowry system. Around 400 BCE to 100BCE it is believed that Brahman men’s influence was threatened and previously independently worshipped goddesses were transformed into the wives of gods (M. P. Fisher 68). Further evidence of the erosion of women’s roles is found in the Upanishads, the latest of the Vedic writings, which advises â€Å"that if a wife refuses her husband’s sexual advances, he should try to persuade her by coaxing, then by gifts, and finally by beating her with his fists or with rods† (M. P. Fisher 67). However, there are contradictory views in the Laws of Manu that assert that â€Å"where women are honored, there the gods are pleased; but where they are not honored no sacred rite yields rewards† (M. P. Fisher 67). Therefore, since the Vedas are comprised of a multitude of various additions, there is no singular religious canon that comprehensively defines the religion. I believe that this religious subjectivity has resulted in traditions that are based as much on prevailing cultural practices as on any specific religious texts. As such, Hinduism is open to a broad variety of interpretations that have generally been defined by the ruling, Brahman class. Nonetheless, Hindu women have begun to take progressive steps to overturn these misogynistic cultural traditions. Perhaps one of the most influential of these contemporary female leaders is Sri Mata Amritanandamayi. She is an extremely popular guru who suggests that women must simply â€Å"wake up† and assert their roles in religion (M. P. Fisher 89). She further suggests that women have merely been conditioned to believe that they cannot overturn these outdated hierarchies. Amritanandamayi teaches that women and men can attain the state of universal motherhood which is a â€Å"love and compassion felt not only towards one’s own children, but towards all people, animals and plants, rocks and rivers- a love extended to all of nature, all beings† (M. P. Fisher 91). Therefore, she believes that women must simply awaken from centuries of conditioning in order to once again express their powers of the â€Å"Divine Mother. † (M. P. Fisher 91). Buddhism is an institutionalized religion that is based on the â€Å"Four Noble Truths† (Eller). These truths state that all suffering is caused by human desire; by overcoming human desire it is possible to end all suffering and become enlightened (Eller). Unfortunately, the Buddha never wrote down a comprehensive outline of his teachings. Therefore, his teachings were passed down orally for centuries. As any player of the â€Å"telephone game† can attest, the retelling of even simple information can lead to outlandish and entirely incorrect interpretations. Furthermore, if you consider the multiple language translations that were necessary, it becomes even more likely that there were at least minor discrepancies between the Buddha’s original teachings and the subsequent writings of the memorized texts three hundred years later. â€Å"In other words, as soon as the Buddha- who had apparently made it clear that women and men were spiritual equals- passed on, culturally-based negative views of women became apparent among the monks† (M. P. Fisher 104). It is written in the texts that a senior Theravedan monk destroyed a stupa dedicated to a revered sister (M. P. Fisher 105). The monk claimed that it was distracting him from his meditations, but I believe that jealousy was the more likely culprit. Also, the Thai nun Dhammananda points out that many of the weaknesses of women are actually the weakness of the men. She asserts that monks have subjugated women because they cannot control their own sexual desires (M. P. Fisher 118). Therefore, Buddhism, in its purest form, should not make any distinction between genders. Professor Gross states that â€Å"gender roles and gender privilege are matters of worldly thinking, not of enlightened thought. If ‘egolessness’ is the goal, then there is no argument supporting male dominance over women† (M. P. Fisher 119). Of course, this hypocrisy has been noted by women since the inception of the religion and many notable Buddhist women are striving for greater equality. Although there will not be a woman Dalai Lama anytime soon, it is important to note that Buddhism teaches that enlightenment is available to anyone regardless of gender (M. P. Fisher 119,123). I agree with the Venerable Tsultrim Allione, a Tibetan Buddhist nun, in that we are in a transition and we must facilitate the groundwork for those who follow (M. P. Fisher 120). As such, significant structural change within the Buddhist religion may take a long time, but some diligent women are currently laying the foundation for future changes. Judaism is considered an â€Å"ethnic religion† in that it is based as much on tradition as it is on scriptures (Eller). Therefore, Judaism is an epitome for how religions have been molded by culture. For example, it seems likely that early Jewish cultures were fearful of the female form because it was not fully understood i. e. pregnancy, childbirth, menstruation, sexuality. These fears resulted in misogynistic traditions, such as mikveh, that equate these natural processes with impurity. Furthermore, women were discouraged from studying the Torah so they could attend to other household duties (Eller). This resulted in deep-rooted, patriarchal, male-based interpretations of the Torah that have served to suppress female participation in religious ceremonies. Nonetheless, contemporary Jewish women are taking promising steps in gaining equality, such as â€Å"the right to be called up to the Torah, to be counted in the minyan, to initiate divorce, to have equal rights in carrying out the commandments, and to be rabbis and cantors† (M. P. Fisher 174). As such, â€Å"[w]omen are becoming active participants in midrash- the ongoing process of interpretation of the bible† (M. P. Fisher 177). This is a critical step toward long-term, structural changes in the religion, because female interpretations of the Jewish scriptures are finally being acknowledged and studied. Rabbi Patricia Karlin-Nuemann, who was ordained in 1982, believes that â€Å"there was always an attempt to minimize the differentness and the newness of what it meant to be a woman rabbi† (M. P. Fisher 184). However, she embraced these differences because they introduced a new and refreshing perspective to the religion. These new perspectives will provide a reassuring light for the next generation of Jewish women to follow in this religious evolution. Christianity is perhaps one of the most institutionalized of the â€Å"Great Religions. This has been a result of numerous divisions and a multitude of differing perspectives. For example, there are striking contradictions between the original teachings of Jesus Christ and the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Mary Pat Fisher, author of Women in Religion, explains that: The movement that developed around [Jesus Christ] was unique in its outreach to people from all levels of society, especially those considered unclean by the Jewish temple priests and rabbis, who placed great emphasis on ritual purity and moral piety. These marginal people included the very poor, the physically handicapped, those suffering from skin diseases, the socially despised such as tax collectors, sinners, prostitutes, slaves, and women. Women had been considered impure because of their bleeding during menstruation and childbirth and were thought of as possessions of men. Collectively, Jesus referred to them all as the ‘poor. ’ He invited them all to eat together at the same table, as brothers and sisters in a community that excluded no one from God’s grace and recognized no hierarchy. However, the Roman Catholic Church is explicitly hierarchical â€Å"with traditionalist, male-dominant policies, such as its stands against birth control, divorce, and abortion, its resistance to liberation theology, and denial of priesthood to women† (M. P. Fisher 215). Further explicit misogyny is contained within the Malleas Maleficarum, a document that justified the torture and execution of millions of women who did not conform to church expectations. However, feminist biblical scholar, Phyllis Trible, believes that Christian sexism and faith are so deeply intertwined that few ever question it (M. P. Fisher 211). Contemporary women in Christianity â€Å"have tried to redefine the interpretation of Christianity so that it is true their understanding and experiences- not necessarily as historically interpreted by men† (M. P. Fisher 221). This shift toward theological feminism coincided with the feminist revolution of the 1960’s, and it focused on â€Å"re-evaluating the patriarchal language and patterns of power, as well as making their voices heard on other ethical issues (M. P. Fisher 222). These female interpretations are aimed at re-defining the patriarchal languagewhich portrays God as an aggressive male ruler- in favor viewing God as a loving figure. Sallie McFague, an American Christian Theologian, views â€Å"God as a lover, a mother, a friend,† while Dorothee Soelle, a German Theologian, argues â€Å"that a concept of God as male ruler supports oppression and violence by men against humanity† (M. P. Fisher 223). Islam is perhaps the most feared and misunderstood of the â€Å"Great Religions. † Ironically, Islam shares similar qualities with its rival, Christianity. First, both religions were founded by a prophet who had relatively enlightened views about equality between the sexes. Muhammad, like Jesus, shared many of his private revelations and visions with women, specifically his wives Khadija and A’isha (M. P. Fisher 237, 240). As such, these women were originally revered and celebrated with temples, but these temples have since been destroyed (M. P. Fisher 238,241). Second, the religion of Islam sustained a massive division early in its development i. e. Sunnis and Shi’as, similar to the split of the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox sects. The foundation of Islam is based on the Qur’an, but many of Islam’s anti-female traditions have been enacted by different legal schools (M. P. Fisher 243). As such, the Qur’an actually serves to protect the rights of women, yet cultural interpretations have taken it out of context in order to support cultural biases (M. P. Fisher 244). Islamic studies Professor, Riffat Hassan, believes that the Qur’an is inherently â€Å"open† and â€Å"strongly guarantees all fundamental human rights, without reserving them for men alone,† but, unfortunately, many Muslim cultures have chosen to â€Å"regard the Shari’a [the code regulating all aspects of a Muslim’s life] as fixed† (M. P. Fisher 245). Muslims form the majority in 44 different countries, and there are as many variations in the Muslim practices. Some cultures enforce very strict rules and regulations, such as the Taliban and Deoband reform movement, while other Muslim cultures have adapted a fairly liberal lifestyle (M. P. Fisher 253,254). Therefore, the religion of Islam does innately regard women as inferior, but various cultures have hijacked the Qur’an to further their own cultural beliefs. As you can see, nearly all religions have been molded by the cultures in which they have arisen. Most of these religions wish to convey absolute truth, but it is impossible to ignore how these truths have been molded by prevailing cultural biases. Therefore, I contend that culture and religion are intrinsically intertwined. These primary components of the human experience do not exist in a perfect vacuum. Therefore, they are not exclusive of each other. It is important to note that women have gained significant levels of equality in many cultures, but they have yet to attain comparable equality in any of the institutionalized religions that I have analyzed. I believe that misogyny is still prevalent in these religions, because we have been conditioned to believe that religion perfectly iterates the natural laws of the universe and that it is not overtly affected by prevailing cultures. However, religions are always evolving and I believe that as human cultures become progressively egalitarian, religion will eventually reflect these changes, too. Eller, Cynthia. (2004-2011). Revealing World Religions 4. 0 [computer software]. Thinking Strings LLC. Electronic. Fisher, Mary P. Women in Religion. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. , 2007. Print.

10 Facts for a Research Paper on the History of the Middle East

10 Facts for a Research Paper on the History of the Middle East Welcome to our first guide that will help you write a research paper on the history of the Middle East. We have written three helpful guides, each serving a different purpose.   Studying these three guides would help you understand history and compose a competent research paper on the Middle Eastern history so that you can score good marks. This guide is segmented into three parts. Our first guide, 10 Facts for a Research Paper on the History of the Middle East, draws a clearer picture of the past events and incidents that took place in the Middle East. References are also mentioned at the bottom of this guide so that you can verify these facts or collect more information. Our second guide, 20 history of the Middle East research paper topics, helps you in determining a relevant topic for the research. All the topics mentioned in the guide are known to have played an important role in the making of Middle Easts history. We have also written a short sample essay for you to understand and grasp the techniques which are necessary to write a good research paper. Our third and final guide, How to Write a Good Research Paper on a History of the Middle East, explains the methodologies and procedures that will help you write a proper research paper. It also contains some helpful tips and steps that you should follow. A good research paper is the one that is resourceful and has a lot of facts and research data to support the statements that you make. A research paper has to be research oriented and allow readers to find something new about a particular topic. We have selected all our facts keeping this in mind, and they are easily expandable allowing you to come up with some unique essays that will help you impress your professor. Without wasting any more time, let us begin our first guide: In the beginning, â€Å"Middle East† was confined to Iran only, but Sir Valentine’s work in the book â€Å"The Middle Eastern Question† extended its territory. He expanded on the definition of Middle East and suggested to include other Asian regions as well, particularly regions that bordered with India. As a result, other countries including Iraq, Persia, Afghanistan and the Eastern Coast of Arabia along with Tibet also became a part of Middle East. Alfred Thayer Mahan coined the term ‘Middle East’ in 1902 for the first time. The term was published in an article called The Persian Gulf and International Relations. However, the name didn’t catch up until Sir Valentine Ignatius used it in his writing. Before it, the region was also known as the Near East, which many believe is also the source of the region’s current name. Unlike North America or Europe, Middle East didn’t have a rich environment. Water was scarce, and there was a lack of natural resources as well. However, it was in 1908 that a British company found oil in the region, which is now a part of Iran and was back then known as Persia. This first exploration gave rise to many other explorations, and the region quickly turned out to be a mine of natural resources, mainly oil. A significant number of religions took birth in the Middle East, with Islam being the most known and powerful one. Islam began to spread from the Middle East and is now one of the most followed religions in the world. Other than this, some small religions like Judaism, Christianity, Bahà ­ Faith, Yarsanism, Yazidism, Zoroastrianism, Mandaeism, Druze, and Shabakism are also believed to have originated from the Middle East. Christianity played a vital role in the first century in the Middle East. The largest Christian group in the Middle East is the Arabic-speaking Copts. It ranges approximately from 6 to 11 million people. Lebanon is known to contain the highest ratio of Christians till date, ranging from 39% to 40.5% of the total population. The region has seen several wars, especially wars in the 16th century between Safavids and Ottomans. This was when the Ottoman empire was getting weak, and they were driven out of Hungary, and the British were in control of a part of the Middle Eastern region. Some parts of Middle East were also under the control of French and Italians, and it wasn’t until the 1920s that an independence wave started. During the era of Achaemenid tradition, a spiritual prophet of Ancient Iran invited people to transform into the religion he inherited, Zoroastrianism. He educated the people of Middle East about the presence of an incomparable divinity, Ahura Mazda. Mazda was promoted as the light, and his opponent was Ahriman, the darkness. People were educated about the same and allowed to pick sides. Palestine, one of the most sacred places for Muslims in the Middle East, has been at war for the most part of the history. This Muslim majority region was ruled by Jews until a revolution started in the 1920s, which resulted in several wars throughout the area. World War II changed the shape of the Middle East. On one side countries like Turkey and Saudi Arabia remained unaffected, and in other new countries came into being or got independence. These include Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan Cyprus, Egypt and Israel. History has shaped the region well, which is now rich in minerals, especially oil. The US is said to have good control over oil found in the Middle East, which is also considered a war-torn area with instability in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Iraq. These were the 10 facts that we penned down for you from strong, reliable sources with references mentioned below. You can use the references to do some more research on these topics to create a compelling essay. Make sure to read our other guides as well before you get down to writing an article, as it is important to know the ins and outs of essay or research paper writing if you really wish to impress your teachers. References: Sahar el-Nadi (2012) Middle East of What? The European Magazine  theeuropean-magazine.com/sahar-el-nadi2/6181-the-long-history-of-a-label Gerard Russell (2014), Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms: Journeys Into the Disappearing Religions of the Middle East.  https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=i6L1AwAAQBAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=Heirs+to+Forgotten+Kingdoms:+Journeys+Into+the+Disappearing+Religions+of+the+Middle+East+pdfhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjE_-mSzIzSAhWCBBoKHSRSADIQ6AEIHzAB#v=onepageqf=false Karl E. Meyer, Editorial Notebook; How the Middle East Was Invented By Ny times. Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr (1979), A Concise History of the Middle East.  http://islamicblessings.com/upload/A-Concise-History-of-the-Middle-East-9th-Edition.pdf Anthony Ham (2006), Lonely Planet Publications, The Middle East.  http://media.lonelyplanet.com/shop/pdfs/middle-east-8-contents.pdf.pdf Robert Irwin (2010), Reaktion Books, Camel. Countries Hosting The Largest Numbers Of Refugees In The World (2015), worldatlas.com/articles/countries-hosting-the-largest-number-of-refugees-in-the-world.html

Essay Texting and its Influence on Your Studying Capabilities

Essay Texting and its Influence on Your Studying Capabilities Essay: Texting and its Influence on Your Studying Capabilities Modern society is obsessed with computer technologies. Adults and teenagers, especially youngsters, seldom write even a few notes in their notebooks. Instead, we send emails and texts. In a word, were texting on any possible occasion, considering it to be quicker, more convenient and most of all, more modern than old fashioned hand writing. Communicating via sending short messages has already transformed into a separate communication style. Terms such as textese, meaning sms language, and textisms, which refers to mnemonic devices or word-shortening are widely used via cell phones and on Internet social networks. Obviously, one should make use of all modern communication trends and devices, but one question arises: whether such an influence of technology is positive or negative? So, is texting harmful or beneficial? It turns out that theres no correct answer to this question. Surprisingly, expert opinions on this topic differ greatly. So, according to Dr. Crispin Thurlow, a language and communication expert, the language used in texts can be classified as adaptive and additive rather than necessarily subtractive (Lanir, 2011). Surely such a high evaluation can be viewed as positive. Even so, the fact, that such an opinion was expressed almost 10 years ago should be taken into account, as compared to 2003, the number of children and teenagers communicating via text messages has increased significantly. In 2009, Clare Wood and Beverly Plester became interested in the way texting might influence the level of general literacy and academic achievement. Within this research, abbreviations used in texting were studied. As Dr. Thurlow didnt state any negative ways that ‘textese’ and ‘textisms could affect the studying capabilities of schoolchildren and students, these two experts began with the assumption that texting language was likely to contribute to the literary skills development of those who used it. (Lanir, 2011). However, the findings of the newer research showed that newly-coined shortcuts, called homophones, non-essential and initial letter omission, which initially aims to write the text message quickly and simplify it as much as possible, generally tended to devastate language skills in general, and spelling skills in particular for those who commonly engaged in texting. This resulted in poor academic achievements for students in regard to writing tests and grammar. This drop in language skill is connected to the fact that each written word corresponds to some definite mental template, which in its turn is connected with a phonological sounding system of the language (Nauert, 2011). It goes without saying, that theres no use in lagging behind, and its important to keep up with the times and with modern communication tendencies. On the other hand, it may turn out to be a good idea to draw a distinct line between formal, standardized language and Internet clichà ©s, as well as patterns that are used only for online chatting or on social networks, particularly when texting, and most especially when texting friends and family members via mobile phones. It has to be kept in mind that a well-rounded education demands certain standards, including excellent writing skills. These skills are important for composing resumes or application letters, or any other kind of official writing that has nothing to do with modern slang and texting. Our custom essay writing service is ready to provide you with a non-plagiarized custom written paper on texting related topics.

Biography on Abraham Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biography on Abraham Lincoln - Essay Example His brother John Kennedy served as the president of America and Robert Kennedy himself served as the Senator of United States. This essay would further provide details about the biography of Robert Kennedy (Talbot 2007). Robert Kennedy studied in different schools all over his life and graduated from the Milton Academy in 1942. He then served in the military for two years in the World War II after which he was discharged. After serving in military Kennedy joined Harvard University and performed in the football team. He completed his degree of bachelors from the Harvard University in 1948. He further studied law from the University of Virginia and graduated from the university in the year of 1951. It was in 1950 that Kennedy married Ethel Shakel and their first child was born in 1951 named Kathleen. It was the coming years in which the career of Robert Kennedy developed and he successfully played a role in the politics of United States (Evan 2000). The career of Robert Kennedy in real life started when he enter the arena of law in 1951 after graduating from the Wisconsin University. Robert joined the Criminal Division the US Department of Justice as a lawyer but later resigned to help his brother John in his the election of Senators. In 1952 Kennedy was hired by McCarthy as an assistant advocate for the Senate subcommittee. Being a counsel for the subcommittee McCarthy performed many researches which showed as to how the allies were backstabbing each other. He was against the cargos being delivered to enemies and gave out several speeches in this regard. However, again in 1953 Robert resigned from this post because he was not fond of the internal running of the committee. He joined the committee back in 1954 and became the chief counsel in the year 1955. His major breakthrough as a chief counsel was when he was appointed as the head of the committee which was investigating the

Accelerated orthodontic treatment Research Paper

Accelerated orthodontic treatment - Research Paper Example MOP makes unsurprising orthodontic treatment results, enhances completes with supports, and lessens or takes out refinements with clear aligner help. MOP could be finished in minutes, and does not oblige any progressive preparing; thusly, any prepared clinician can perform it. Moreover, the procedure yields next to no uneasiness to the patient. There is zero recuperation time, and the patients can quickly come back to their ordinary everyday schedule. The system is shown for pretty nearly 80% of patients getting orthodontic treatment and could be utilized as a part of the conjunction with any treatment modality (Mari, 2011). The perfect treatment device for micro- osteoperforation ought to can give ergonomic control by the utilizing clinician, and stay sharp through different apertures, and have a profundity limiter to guarantee infiltration to the negligible successful profundity. Brief haven devices which are smaller than usual plants and brambles are not suitable plan B to perform ing micro-osteoperforation in a private work on setting. As of late, another gadget by PROPEL Orthodontics has ended up accessible which appears to show guarantee. Learn at real colleges have been led with gadgets that exhibited the practicality and consistency of MOP being utilized. Today, expanding quantities of grown-ups are looking for orthodontic treatment to upgrade the social, mental, and utilitarian status of their lives. Treatment of these patients is muddled by the way that the revision of their malocclusion.

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Healthcare Professionals Assuming Active Administrative Roles - Annotated Bibliography Example The section introduces healthcare’s complexity and its suggestion for medical practitioners to assume administrative roles. This is because they have adequate information and experience regarding what the field entails contrary to politicians or other policymakers. The latter groups do not have the necessary experience coupled with knowledge on how to promote the fields’ effective professional practices and ethics (Belluz, 2011). Since, besides their varied specializations, they can also receive additional education regarding management through induction. This is especially in the sections that entail their involvement. This section also offers adequate literature regarding present changes characterizing healthcare, which entails doctors’ involvement especially in assuming managerial posts. The section highlights the essence of doctors undertaking extra courses or inductions meant to refine their administrative skills. This is especially in the sections that considerably entail their involvement, for instance, being administrators. Hence, promote service delivery not only in the confinements of the healthcare facility but also outside where practitioners ought to attend while checking out patients as specified by HMO. This is an essential section because its core purpose focuses on augmenting practitioners’ knowledge, hence refine their skills to become remarkable clinical leaders. This subsection compares former federal’s proposition of increasing professionals’ distribution across the state to training the available doctors.

Writing homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing homework - Essay Example It is not as if progress cannot happen in a state controlled protectionist system, and be competitive with a free market system. However, the author’s assertions that free trade is superior to protectionism generally is a convincing argument overall. To move from national politics to a more global perspective, it is also important to understand the role of labor in other countries in contrast to its role in the US, and Roberts concentrates mostly on a global workforce. For example, the role of labor unions in Europe is more totalized than it is in the United States. In the U.S., unions represent exact and specific parts of industries and call for more benefits and worker’s rights to be brokered with individual companies. In Europe, unions represent the entire industry because their groups are put together and are more powerful. They call for less specific issues, since they are representing an entire industry in Europe, though. More sweeping changes are possible this way, but the changes are less specifically geared to the immediate concerns of workers in a certain segment of the industry. In terms of labor participation in management, this was unheard-of many years ago, but is becoming more common both in the U.S. and in ternationally. Employees are more frequently being included in the decision-making process and communication is growing between employees and managers, despite political setbacks and setbacks in the US involving union membership and union density. â€Å"The real choice is between a dynamic world and a static world---a world of encouraging people to dream and acquire the skills to make those dreams come true and a world of encouraging people to be content with what they have and to dream less† (Roberts, 2000). The argument for and against international economics is basically a reflection of bigger argument about theoretical issues of protectionism and free trade, which was mentioned above. In this international argument,

Insurance company Bupa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Writing homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing homework - Essay Example It is not as if progress cannot happen in a state controlled protectionist system, and be competitive with a free market system. However, the author’s assertions that free trade is superior to protectionism generally is a convincing argument overall. To move from national politics to a more global perspective, it is also important to understand the role of labor in other countries in contrast to its role in the US, and Roberts concentrates mostly on a global workforce. For example, the role of labor unions in Europe is more totalized than it is in the United States. In the U.S., unions represent exact and specific parts of industries and call for more benefits and worker’s rights to be brokered with individual companies. In Europe, unions represent the entire industry because their groups are put together and are more powerful. They call for less specific issues, since they are representing an entire industry in Europe, though. More sweeping changes are possible this way, but the changes are less specifically geared to the immediate concerns of workers in a certain segment of the industry. In terms of labor participation in management, this was unheard-of many years ago, but is becoming more common both in the U.S. and in ternationally. Employees are more frequently being included in the decision-making process and communication is growing between employees and managers, despite political setbacks and setbacks in the US involving union membership and union density. â€Å"The real choice is between a dynamic world and a static world---a world of encouraging people to dream and acquire the skills to make those dreams come true and a world of encouraging people to be content with what they have and to dream less† (Roberts, 2000). The argument for and against international economics is basically a reflection of bigger argument about theoretical issues of protectionism and free trade, which was mentioned above. In this international argument,

Personnel Selection and Assessment Research Paper

Personnel Selection and Assessment - Research Paper Example According to Field (2009) when testing for validity, one is effectively testing for ‘evidence that a study allows correct inferences about the question it was aimed to answer or that at test measures what it set out to measure conceptually’ (p. 795). There are three main types of validity. Construct validity refers to whether a test correlates to the theorized construct that it purports to measure. For example, an intelligence test is a test which requires strong evidence for construct validity, since researchers need to be sensitive to the extent to which they are measuring intelligence rather than language or culture differences (Mertens, 2009). The second type of validity is content validity, which is relevant to test which aims to evaluate a specific body of knowledge. For example, a depression scale may lack content validity if it does not represent the entire range of possible items, such as the behavioral dimension. Finally, criterion-related validity is a measure of how well a test is effective at predicting of a construct. This type of validity testing is divided into two types, namely concurrent and predictive validity, where concurrent validity is assessed by correlating a test with another test that has been previously validated. These two tests are taken at the same time. Predictive validity differs in that the one test is taken earlier and is meant as a predictor to a later measure (Mertens, 2009). The utility of selection methods refers to the value it has in the process of selection.

Metrojaya Card Application Form Essay Example for Free

Metrojaya Card Application Form Essay At a first glimpse, I can definitely say that it has been more successful in catching an applicants eye than the ones from Jusco. Already the front page has pictures around the border showing various items. Also, it is crowned with a close up photograph of the card that is advertised. Then, in bold red letters, there is a slogan, which is meant to attract the reader. It says The card that takes your shopping further. Further down the page there are sub-headings, which already give a brief introduction to the contents of the form. When the form is opened, I must say that it immediately impresses me. If I was to apply to a shopping bonus card then I would definitely fall for Metrojaya. There are big white headings on a red background indicating what a costumer stands to gain from the use of this card. Also there is a table that briefly shows what a costumer gains when he/she has a certain number of points. Underneath, there is a brief explanation of how the points are awarded and a reference to a telephone number for more information. After that there is a very well laid out section where the applicant is supposed to fill out his personal profile where there is comparatively more space available than in the J-card application form. The information that is asked from the applicant is basically the same as the one mentioned for the J-card above which was name, address, birth date, sex, nationality, religion, and profession details such as amount of monthly income. The information is very clearly set out and it is clear to the applicant what information is required off him/her. The form was also designed for the readers convenience with a moderate use of extended vocabulary. In the back of the form there are the terms and conditions, which are set out in bullet points and furthermore are very well explained and clear. In addition there is a small section dedicated to the advertisement of some shops enclosed within the Metrojaya chain. Overall, I think this form is very well presented and attractive however it lacks further explanations to how the card works. It really succeeds in attracting someones attention by its colourful attire. The information it contains and what the form requires the applicant to do is very clear and comprehensive. The layout of the various sections of the form is very good as well. The designer has accurately used different colours to emphasize the various importance of certain headings or slogans. I also think that the vocabulary used is appropriate because although professional it is not very demanding. Citibank Citibank Credit Card Application Form Citibank is fairly popular in Malaysia. Their slogan Citibank Where money lives can be found at the bottom of the form I managed to acquire. Personally, I think that their slogan is very strong and self-explanatory. Inside there is a vast number of information arranged in a fairly clear way and presented in three languages. There is a section in Malay, Chinese and English. This, I think, has something to do with the fact that Malaysia is a multiracial country and presumably the establishment is trying to attract as many customers as possible by creating a form that is to their convenience. The information asked from the applicant is personalised again and concentrates on things such as name, contact address and telephone/handphone number. Furthermore, Citibank asks for details about the applicants job and also about the monthly income of people, their marital status and whether their residence is owned or rented. Also, in case the applicant is married, the bank would like to know details about the spouse. Finally, the form asks for emergency contact details, the types of accounts the client has and there is also a section about the appliance for a supplementary card. After the personal details are complete, the client is required to read a series of information and agreements and then sign a declaration. The bank has also added a section where their clients can apply for a card with photo-identification if preferred. It wants applicants to enclose documents such as a copy of the IC or passport, a copy of ones international charge or credit card and the latest two months card charges statements. At the back, there are the terms and conditions, which are explained briefly and the bank also provided a short section, which explains how the card works and where it can be used. Furthermore, and as a means of publicity and wanting to attract the publics attention, the designer has enclosed a section where the bank is advertising the Handspring Visor Platinum, an electronic pocket size organiser. It is said that each new subscriber to the card will receive one free and people who already have a card can buy one at a special privilege price. This device is also included on the front page of the form where there is a picture showing a person using one and other persons looking at him with surprise. To sum up I think that the form as a whole is fairly well laid out thinking of the vast array of information that is asked from the client. However, there is too little space for applicants to write down their personal information. In general, though, it has a fairly clear set out and it is easy to understand. The form indicates formality to some extent by using extended but clear vocabulary. Just like in the Jusco and Metrojaya forms, the information it asks from the clients is rather personal but required in far more detail. The scale to which the form attracts attention is fairly high. The front page, along with the advertising in picture form is somehow eye catching and the fact that something can be received when applying to this card is very appealing to most people. Inside, however, formalitys presence can be strongly noticed.

Improving Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)

Improving Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) Suppression of recombination channels of Dye-sensitized solar cells made of SnO2 using core shell structure of SiO2 extracted from rice husk N. F. Ajward, D.L.N. Jayathilaka, J.C.N. Rajendra and V.P.S.Perera Introduction Dye sensitized solar cells (DSC) are one of the most promising types of solar cells for next generation of solar cell technology that has power conversion efficiency as high as 12% (Nazeeruddin et al., 2011). Compared with conventional silicon photovoltaics, DSSCs offer the cost savings in the materials and a range of solution deposition methods for device manufacture. However, there are still many challenges to be met before DSCs can truly compete with current silicon solar cell technology. Device efficiency, stability and lifetimes and scalable methods for device fabrication are the key issues in this field of research. A lot of work has been done to improve efficiency of DSSCs taking different avenues, which includes increasing the surface area of the metal oxide, developing new dyes with broad absorption spectra, suppressing the recombination channels and introducing light-scattering materials in the film. Utilization of mesoporous film made of nano particles of titania for DSSC is the imperative innovation made by Gratzel and co-workers in 1991 to achieve high efficiencies (Regan B O and Gratzel M., 1991). After that it was realized the possibility to achieving high efficiencies even with other high band gap semiconductors such as SnO2 and ZnO made in nano range (Bergeron et al., 205, Keis et al., 2002). However DSSCs of high efficiencies comparable to that made of TiO2 films has been achieved with other high band gap semiconductor films made in the form of composites (Niinobe et al., 2005]. The improvement is principally accepted as the suppression of recombination of germinated charge carriers due to passivation of trap states and charge carrier confinement. Materials such as Al2O3, MgO, and ZrO2 have been used previously as barrier layers in DSSCs, but no record available for the use of SiO2 for the same purpose (Kay and Grà ¤tzel, 2002). But SiO2 particles have been used to scatter light in TiO2 films of DSScs. In this research work we improved the performance of DSSCs by introducing thin barrier layer of SiO2 surrounding the SnO2 crystallite to prevent recombination of charge carriers in the diffusion assisted transportation. Here the thin barrier of insulating material enhance the lifetime of germinated charge carriers of DSSC so as to improve the efficiency. Methodology Rice hHusks (RH) of BG 300 rice variety was collected and initially washed with tap water to remove soils and dirt. It was further washed with distilled water and dried at 120 ËÅ ¡C. The dried RH will bewas fully burnt to white ash at around 700ËÅ ¡C in a muffle furnace and the Rrice husk Husk ash Ash (RHA) was collected. which is white in colour. Extraction of Silica Aforementioned dried RHA was refluxed with 2M HCl and thoroughly washed with distilled water and dried. 10 g of the sample was stirred in 80 ml of 2.5 N sodium hydroxide solution. It was then boiled in a covered 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask for 3 hours and the solution was filtered using a Whatman No. 41 filter paper. Filtrate was allowed to cool down to room temperature and added 5 N H2SO4 until it reaches pH 2. Then NH4OH was added to the suspension until it reaches pH 8.5 and allowed to be at room temperature for 3.5 hours. The precipitated SiO2 was separated by filtration and thoroughly washed with distilled water. The silica obtained was oven dried at 120 0C for 12 hours and cool down to room temperature. Preparation of SnO2 Particles Tin (ivIV) chloride was dissolved in distilled water to obtain 0.5 M solution and ammonia was added stirring the solution to obtain fine particles of SnO2. The SnO2 particles are thoroughly washed with distilled water to remove chlorine ions. Then the particles are suspended in diluted ammonium solution for stabilization. Preparation of SnO2 and SiO2 core shell structures Tin (IV) Oxide particles were coated with ultra thin layer of silica by the following method. 0.5g of SnO2 particles were weighted and grinded in an agate mortar with 2 ml of ethanol. Then measured volumes of 0.5M sodium silicate which was prepared by dissolving extracted silica in NaOH was added at a time to different SnO2 samples that has been prepared as described above. After that 1 ml of acetic acid was added drop wise to that mixture. Sodium silicate around the SnO2 particles suppose to turn into SiO2 in the process of acidification. Fabrication of DSSC with SiO2/SiO2 composite The paste as prepared was used to coat films on Cconducting Ttin Ooxide (CTO) glass plates by the doctor blade method that cut into the size of 1.5 x 1 cm2. Prior to coating the films on the CTO glass, they were thoroughly cleaned by detergent, distilled water and acetone with ultrasonic agitation. CTO plates coated with SnO2/SiO2 films were dried on a hot plate heated up to 120 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C for 5 minutes. Then the films were sintered at 450 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C in a furnace for 30 minutes. When the films cooled down to the room temperature they were immersed in Ru-bipyridyl N-719 dye solution (0.5 mM in ethanol) for 12 h. After the dye adsorption, films were rinsed with ethanol and sandwich with platinum sputtered conducting glass substrates using clips. The capillary space in between the two plates of cells were filled with electrolyte containing 0.5M potasium iodide, 0.05M iodine in a mixture of acetonitrile and ethylene carbonate 1:4 by volume. Characterization Techniques I-V characteristics of the cells were measured under the illumination of 100 mWcm−2 simulated light source and computer controlled setup consisting of potentiostat/galvanostat. Elemental analysis of RHA was done using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and SEM images were also obtained for SnO2/SiO2 composite films. Results and discussion According to the literature reports, silica extracted from RH is in naorange with least impurity levels. Elements that present as impurities in RHA of BG 300 rice variety were analyzed with atomic absorption spectroscopy. Percentages of impurities in RHA after burning and refluxing with HCl are given in table 1. Table 1: Percentages of impurities in RHA after burning and after refluxing in HCl. Impurities % in RHA after burning % in RHA after reflux with HCl Calcium 0.926 0.402 Magnesium 0.537 0.198 Manganese Not detected Not detected Ferrous 0.269 0.060 It is inferred from these results that the impurity level of RHA is low and can be reduced further by refluxing with HCl. That is because these impurities present in the RHA as oxides can be removed easily by acid wash. In this study we have investigated the possibility of using SiO2 thin barrier around the SnO2 particles to impede leakage of electrons for recombination processes which is one approach to increase the efficiency of DSSCs. Figure 1(a) shows the measured open-circuit photo-voltage (Voc) and short-circuit photocurrent (Isc) of DSSCs with different SiO2% by weight in the SnO2/SiO2 films. Figure 1: (a) Open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) and short-circuit photocurrent (Isc) of DSSCs with different SiO2 % in SnO2 films (b) Suppression of recombination of injected electrons in the conduction band of SnO2 by SiO2 shell. Initial increment of SiO2 % in the film gradually covers the SnO2 particles as an ultra thin layer and beyond certain limit of SiO2 contributes to the growth of the SiO2 layer around the SnO2 particles increasing the thickness. This is the reason why both the Isc as well as the Voc increase initially with the increment of SiO2 % in the SnO2 films of DSSCs. The increment of Isc and Voc is attributed to the suppression of recombination of injected electrons by the photo excitation of the dye in the conduction band of SnO2 due to the development of ultra thin layer of SiO2 around SnO2 particles (Figure 1b). The highest photocurrent of DSSCs with the addition of 2.5 % of SiO2 may have been achieved due to the perfect coverage of SnO2 particles with ultra thin layer of SiO2. But Voc continues to increase further up to 4% of SiO2 in SnO2 films. It is noticeable that the decrement of Voc afterward is not significant as in Isc after reaching the maximum. Anyway further increment of the thick ness of the ultra thin layer of SiO2 happens to decrease both Isc and Voc. The amount of dye adsorbed on the semiconductor film is also a detrimental factor on the performance of DSSCs. We have noticed that the dye absorbed on SnO2 films decreased with the increment of SiO2%. To quantitatively analyze it, we have desorbed the dye adsorbed on SnO2 films with different SiO2 %. This was done by allowing the films to adsorb dye for determined period and completely desorbing the dye by immersing the dye adsorbed SnO2 films in known volume of 0.5 M KOH solution. The concentration of the dye in the KOH solution was estimated spectroscopically at the wave length of 550 nm. Figure 2 given bellow shows the deviation of dye adsorbed on SnO2 films for different SiO2 %. Figure: 2 (a) Variation of dye adsorbed on SnO2 films for different SiO2 % and (b) structure of the N-719 dye. It is evident from the Figure 2 that the dye adsorption on SnO2 films decrease with the increment of SiO2 %. This may affect adversely on photocurrent of DSSCs. Although dye aggregations on semiconductor films also results to decrease photocurrent there should be sufficient amount of dye adsorbed on SnO2 crystallites for efficient operation of DSSCs. The decrement of Isc at higher SiO2 percentages is main consequence of low dye adsorption on SnO2 films. The adsorption of dye on SnO2 films decrease with the increment of SiO2 % because of the acidity of SiO2 which prevent chelation of N-719 dye on SnO2 films by the carboxylic groups. XRD and SEM analysis was also carried out to characterize the SiO2 ultra thin layer coated on SnO2 particles. Figure 3 shows the SEM of SnO2 film with 4.5% of SiO2. The resolution of the SEM images was not sufficient to identify the SiO2 thin layer. But it can be seen that the SnO2 particles are distributed in wide range of particle sizes which also affect adversely on the performance of DSSCs. The XRD pattern of the SnO2 film with 4.5 % of SiO2 is given in Figure 3(b). There was no any peaks appeared for SiO2 in the XRD pattern of the SnO2 films as well. The insertion in the Figure 3(b) is the XRD obtain for SiO2 powder obtained by acidification of Na2SiO3 with acetic acid and sintering at 450  °C for 30 minutes. It is found to be in amorphous form and most probably the SiO2 around the SnO2 is also amorphous. Because of the amorphous nature of SiO2 and low percentage might produce significant peaks for SiO2 in the XRD pattern. Figure 3 (a) SEM image of SnO2 film with 4.5% of SiO2 (b) XRD pattern of the SnO2 film with 4.5 % of SiO2. Insertion is the XRD obtain only for SiO2 powder. Conclusions The silica extracted from rice husk is with low impurity levels suitable for coating ultra thin layers of SiO2 arround SnO2 to fabricate DSSCs. Deposition of ultra thin layer of SiO2 on SnO2 particles improved the performance of DSSCs. The reason for decrement of cell performance with higher percentages of SiO2 is not only due to the barrier thickness, but also due to the low dye adsorption. It was observed by the SEM images that the particle size of SnO2 is widely diverse because of particle aggregation. It is recommended to use uniform size of SnO2 particles for better performance of DSSCs. some chemical treatment also required to enhance the adsorption of dye on SiO2 ultra thin layer on SnO2 particles. References 1. Bergeron B.V. , Marton A., Gerko Oskam G., and Meyer G.J.; (2005) Dye-Sensitized SnO2 Electrodes with Iodide and Pseudohalide Redox Mediators; J. Phys. Chem. B, , 109 (2), 937–943. 2. Kay A. and Grà ¤tzel M.; (2002) Dye-Sensitized Core−Shell Nanocrystals:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ° Improved Efficiency of Mesoporous Tin Oxide Electrodes Coated with a Thin Layer of an Insulating Oxide; Chem. Mater., 14 (7), 2930–2935. 3. Keis K., Bauer C., Boschloo G., Hagfeldt A., Westermark K., Rensmo H., Siegbahn H.; (2002) Nanostructured ZnO electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cell applications; Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 148, issue 1–3, 57–64. 4. Nazeeruddin M. K., Baranoff E, Gratzel M., (2011) Dye-sensitized solar cells: A brief overview; Solar Energy 85 1172–1178. 5. Niinobe D. , Makari Y., Kitamura T., Wada Y., and Yanagida; S.; (2005) Origin of Enhancement in Open-Circuit Voltage by Adding ZnO to Nanocrystalline SnO2 in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells; J. Phys. Chem. B, , 109 (38), 17892–17900. 6. Regan B O and Gratzel M; (1991) A low cost high efficient solar cell based on dye sensitized colloidal TiO2 films; Nature 353 737.

The Giver’s Compassion for Jonas :: The Giver Essays

The Giver’s Compassion for Jonas Jonas’ community is ordered and ruled. Everything is same: their clothes, houses and lives. People follow the rules until they die. They know nothing about the true human life. The receiver of memory, the giver, is the only person who is able to the true pleasure of life. When Jonas is elected as the receiver of memory by the community and meets the Giver, his life is changed. Everything he believes in was controlled and hidden the real human life by the community. He is getting to realize that he will not be able to stay in the community any more and starts to find his own and comfort place. I would like to focus on describing the Giver’ compression for Jonas because I do think that this book can not be described without him. In the book, the Giver is described as an old man, always staying and keeping his sadness for the community alone. He is the only person who really knows what is going on in the community and its people. His role is to give the community advice and help, when they face something that they have not experienced. The community needs the Giver, even thought they have a long history, already fixed its structure, rarely ask the Giver advice. â€Å"They know nothing,† The Giver said bitterly (p.105). He feels sad and helpless for the community, because they reject to have memory and choose painless and predictable life. Memory includes not only in sadness, pain, and evil of human life but also in real happiness and pleasure of human life. The Giver likes to have the memory, however he feels loneliness not to share the memory with people, regret to receive the memory, and bitterness that the community would keep this condition forever. He can not find out the possibility to chang e the entire community. Even though Jonas asked the Giver to come with him, he can not escape form the place and has to take care of the community (p.161-162). The Giver’s compassion in the story is not only for the community but also for Jonas. He must be confused and struggling because he already knows the train will be hard and control the most important parts of the human, which includes the feelings like love, warmth, sadness, patience, and pleasure.

Job roles within Asda Essay

The area manager Philip Davies has a clear but hard Job which he gets well rewarded for, Philip Davies has to make major and long term decisions which could be vital to Asda, obviously he has to actually run he business day in day out and he has to attend regularly board of directors meetings plus he has to do basic and boring paperwork for most of each day. Philip Davies needed good qualifications to become the Area manager of Asda and his qualifications are: * A masters degree in Business * A degree in management * 3 A-levels * 7 A*-C grades at G.C.S.E Without these sort of qualifications Philip Davies could never have become the Area manager of Asda. Store manager The store manager Gary Hall has a slightly similar job to the Area manager except he does not communicate to the board of directors and the store manager has to work more with the employees inside of the store and he has to check that everything is going well throughout the store. The store manager is responsible for the performance measures in his store: sales, stock loss, labour cost, customer service and Licence to Trade (Health & Safety and Food Quality). The Store Manager is also responsible for managing and developing their team of Duty Managers. Gary Hall also needs good qualifications to be the store manager and they are: * Business Degree * Management degree * 3 A-levels * 6 A*-C grades at G.C.S.E These qualifications are a lot like the Area managers (Philip Davies) qualifications, probably because the jobs are similar. Managers Each manager has their own department to look after and they are: * Finance department * Customer services department * Market research department * Duty department * I.T administration department * Human Resources department The responsibilities of a manager are: * Decision making * Problem solving * Planning, setting targets (long-term objectives) * Ensuring that targets are achieved * The organisation of the working environment With a good manager all of these responsibilities can be completed. Finance manger The finance manger Sue Williams is responsible for many things the most important one being the finance department in which Sue Williams has many responsibilities like: * Accounting * Budgets * Salaries Sue Williams is also responsible for looking after her employees in the finance department. Sue Williams takes her orders from Gary Hall the store manager and then she uses her finance team to conduct those activities. Like Philip Davies and Gary Hall, Sue Williams also needed good qualifications: * Degree in management * 3 A-levels * 6 A*-C grades at G.C.S.E Read more:  Job Roles at Sainsburys Supermarkets Customer services manager The customer services manager Ben Adams in his job role will have to make sure that every customer goes home happy. Ben Adams does not actually talk to any customers because his job is to tell his customer services team how to make there customers happy. Not only does Ben Adams have to make all the customers happy but he also has to try and make a sale and that is why Ben Adams also has to try and get his team to make a sale. Like all of the other managers Ben Adams takes his orders from Gary Hall and he has to do his best to complete the jobs that Gary Hall assigns for him. To get the job as customer services manager Ben Adams needed these qualifications: * Degree in management * 3 A-levels * 6 A*-C grades at G.C.S.E As a benefit of being the Customer services manager Ben Adams gets discounts when he shops at Asda. Market research manager The Market research manager Ian Roberts is responsible for everything that goes on in the Market research department one half of the department has to design a product based on the customers’ preferences and the other half of the department has to try and sell the product that has been designed. The qualifications that Ian Roberts needed were: * Degree in management * 3 A-levels * 6 A*-C grades at G.C.S.E As a benefit of being Market Research manager Ian Roberts also gets a discount on his products whenever he shops at Asda. Duty Manager The Duty manager James Davis Is responsible for a variety of things but he is mainly in charge of the stock and the warehouse. James Davis is also responsible for all trade operations and James Davis has to make sure that all of the employees in the Duty department all work well together and all work to their full potential and of course he also has to make sure that all of his employees are happy in their working environment. As well as trade operations James Davis also has to improve sales and profitability and at times he and his team may deputise for the store manager Gary hall. To become the Duty manager, James Davis needed these qualifications: * Degree in management * 3 A-levels * 6 A*-C grades at G.C.S.E And of course like all the other department managers James Davis as a benefit receives discounts on his items whenever he shops at Asda. I.T. and Administration manager The I.T. and Administration manager Sue Williams has many responsibilities like being in charge of everyone in the I.T. and Admin’ departments (plus the finance department) so she has many activities which mostly consist of filling out forms and reports also Sue Williams has to ensure that all of the employees in her departments work effectively and of course she has to set everyone their tasks each weak and each month the store manager will tell Sue Williams what she will have to do by the end of the month. To be the I.T. and Administration manager Sue Williams needed these qualifications: * Degree in management * 3 A-levels * 6 A*-C grades at G.C.S.E As the manager of the I.T and Administration and Finance departments Sue Williams has to work 60 hours per week plus a lot of overtime. Because Sue Williams is the manager of two departments she gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½42,000 per year and more if the store manager thinks she deserves it. Sue Williams also gets discounts on whatever she buys at Asda. Human resources manager The Human resources manager Stuart Thatcher is responsible for a lot of things like: * Recruitment * Training * Dismissal * Promotion * Health and Safety It is Stuart Thatcher’s job to make sure that all of these jobs get done well and to make sure that they do get done well Stuart Thatcher has to set out appropriate tasks for his team and he has to plan everything that his team will have to do for Asda, e.g. if the store needed 5 more employees for staking shelves or whatever it would be Stuart Thatcher’s job to make sure that the right people were appointed for the store, or another example could be that if the store needed two people to be laid off then it would be Stuart Thatcher’s job to dismiss the two employees. To become the Human resources manager Stuart Thatcher needed these qualifications: * Degree in management * 3 A-levels * 6 A*-C grades at G.C.S.E As a benefit of being the Human resources manager Stuart Thatcher gets a discount on anything he buys at Asda. Stuart Thatcher has to work 48 hours a week, plus he may sometimes be asked to work overtime. As the manager of the Human resources department Stuart Thatcher gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 per year and more if the store manager thinks he deserves it. Supervisors They are responsible to the junior or middle management, and responsible for the team members. Their main role is to: a) Supervise the teamwork. b) Make sure that daily targets are met and problems are solved. Account supervisor Every single month he and his team will have to check through all accounts, check the cash flow forecast, and Asses the accounts every year and make sure that they are correct, accounts are very important because if they are wrong Asda could lose a lot of money because if they do not keep track of their debtors then they will forget about how much they owe Asda, and they will lose a lot of money. To become the accounts supervisor he needed these qualifications: * 4 A*-C grades at G.C.S.E * 2 A-levels * 1 A-level must have been in business As a benefit of being the Account supervisor he gets a discount on anything he buys at Asda. The Accounts supervisor has to work 44 hours per week and he gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16,000 per year. Marketing supervisor It is his job to be constantly be updating Asda’s products, he and his team at the start will find out what the department managers want and what the customers (or consumers) want. So first they will go to the department managers and ask them what they would like in the store and then they have to go out on the streets and ask the customers a series of questions about what kind of product they would like, and also the market research team will have to assess the competitors products e.g. Tesco’s new products and Safeway’s new products and once they have assessed the competitors products they will try to better them based on the department managers specifications and the customers (or consumers) specifications. To become the marketing supervisor he needed these qualifications: * 4 A*-C grades at G.C.S.E * 2 A-levels * Some Market research experience As a benefit of being the Marketing supervisor she gets a discount on anything she buys at Asda. The Marketing supervisor has to work 44 hours per week and he gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16,000 per year. Recruitment supervisor The jobs of her and her team are to put in adverts (containing all of the specifications about the job) in the local newspapers and the job centre, etc and then application forms would be given to the candidates and then some of the candidates would be given an interview based on how good there application form and C.V.’s were. Then once everyone has been given an interview some people will be turned away leaving 10 people left which will be given a second interview and after that interview one of them will be given the job. She can only set out to employ somebody once she has been told to by Stuart Thatcher the Human resources manager. To become the recruitment supervisor she needed these qualifications: * 4 A*-C grades at G.C.S.E * 2 A-levels * Some experience in Human resources As a benefit of being the Recruitment supervisor she gets a discount on anything she buys at Asda. The Recruitment supervisor has to work 44 hours per week and she gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16,000 per year. Assistants or support staff These are people who support the internal working of the organisation and who perform support tasks for managers. The main duties of the support staff are: * To carry out the duties as specified on the job description and as required by the manager or supervisor. * To obey reasonable instructions * To co-operate with other team members. One example of an assistant is the Warehouse Assistant and his job is very clear, his job is to retrieve the stock from the suppliers and then take the stock to the warehouse and put it in order for it to go up on the shelves which the warehouse assistant and his team members will do. The Warehouse Assistant has to work. The warehouse Assistant has to work 54 hours per week like most assistants and he gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7 per hour and he often has to work overtime for which he gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4 more per hour like most assistants.